Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions in China

A regression model based on the provincial energy consumption data was developed to calculate the monthly proportions of residential energy consumption compared to the total year volume. This model was also validated by comparing with some survey and statistical data. With this model, a PAHs emission inventory with seasonal variation was developed. The seasonal variations of different sources in different regions of China and the spatial distribution of the major sources in different seasons were also achieved. The PAHs emissions were larger in the winter than in the summer, with a difference of about 1.3-folds between the months with the largest and the smallest emissions. Residential solid fuel combustion dominated the pattern of seasonal variation with the winter-time emissions as much as 1.6 times as that in the summer, while the emissions from wild fires and open fire straw burning was mainly concentrated during the spring and summer.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community composition and factors influencing the surface water and sediments of urban rivers

The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban river bacterial communities help us understand the feedback mechanism of bacteria to changes in the aquatic environment.The Fuhe River plays an important role in determining the water ecological environment of Baiyangdian Lake.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the microbial distribution characteristics in the Fuhe River in different seasons.The results showed that some environmental factors of the surface water (ammonia nitrogen (NH_...     

The Nutrient Status of Some Graminaceous Species in Britain. 1. Molinia Caerulea (L.) Moench

Above-ground biomass biomass of Molinia caerulea from 36 sites throughout Britain was analysed for concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Na), with matching analyses of soil nutrients, together with pH and LOI. Between-year and seasonal variation in the nutrients was also studied at one of the sites. the grass was found on acid sites ranging between pH 3.1 and 5.8. the soil humus content varied widely, and there were significant correlations between that and elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) in the soil. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, zinc and manganese in the plant material were significantly correlated with extractable levels in the soils. Between year variation in the plant nutrient concentrations at one site was of a similar order to variation between the sites. Generally there was less variation in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium tissue levels than in calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper. Iron and sodium were the most variable. Tissue concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and copper declined throughout the growing season, whereas magnesium, calcium and iron built up until August/September after which a decline set in as the leaves senesced. the results are discussed in relation to the importance of standardizing the time of sampling, in comparison with concentrations of tissue levels in other plants and the growth strategy of this deciduous grass.     

近百年云南纵向岭谷区气温的时空变化特征

采用多种统计方法,对近百年来纵向岭谷地区气温的时空变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:纵向岭谷区气温分布具有一致性,且温度、热量分布存在明显的南北差异.自然的阻隔作用使得岭谷地区的年平均、冬季平均温度呈现出西高东低,大致具有经向分布的特征;夏季平均气温表现出南北高,中间低的分布.澜沧江流域是年、冬季气温和热量发生变化的阻隔分水岭.纵向岭谷地区的气温具有明显的年代际变化特征,近百年来以增温趋势为主.     

Crown condition dynamics of oak in southern Sweden 1988’999

Crown defoliation of oak (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) was analysed in 808 trees during three forest condition surveys (1988, 1993, and 1999) in the southern Sweden. From 1988 to 1999 crown defoliation increased by more than 20%. Changes in crown defoliation were related to the pH in the upper 20–30 cm of the mineral soils, which was closely connected to other measures of soil fertility (cation exchange capacity, CEC and C/N ratio). Trees growing on soils with a high pH (≥4.00, in BaCl₂ filtrate), high CEC and low C/N ratio had significantly lower crown defoliation than trees growing on more acid soils (pH <4.00), indicating that less favourable soil conditions may further enhance oak decline. Age did not differentiate trees with respect to crown defoliation, indicating that decline in crown condition was not due to an age-related increase in crown transparency. Considering only trees younger than 100 years, a significant interaction was observed between changes in crown defoliation and soil pH. Trees younger than 100 years old growing on more acidic soils had a greater increase in crown transparency than trees on more basic soils between 1988 and 1999. Trees ≥100 years old had significantly higher defoliation on more acidic than on more basic soils, however defoliation dynamics of these trees over 1988–99 was not related to soil acidity. Two biotic agents (insect and fungal leaf infections) evaluated in this study did not prove to be important drivers of defoliation dynamics.     

荔枝叶片与土壤常量元素质量分数年周期变化研究

从１９９７年开始，对荔枝叶片和土壤常量有效养分质量分数、ｐＨ值的年周期变化进行了研究。通过统计学分析，初步探明叶片各元素质量分数季节性变化的模式及其特点，以及土壤有效养分质量分数、ｐＨ值年周期变化的趋势；分析了年周期变化中叶片与土壤分析值之间的相关性。     

Historical alteration in the nitrogen concentration and N natural abundance of mosses in Germany: Indication for regionally varying changes in atmospheric nitrogen deposition within the last 140 years

Historical alterations of nitrogen deposition in the western part of Germany were investigated by comparing nitrogen concentrations and ¹⁵N natural abundance of historical and recent samples of the two pleurocarpous mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Scleropodium purum. Pooling of the data revealed only slight tissue N increases over the past 140 years which were significant nevertheless. At closer examination on the single site level historical increases of N concentrations were found particularly for some sites in regions where agricultural activities were considerably intensified during the second half of the 20th century. The comparison of δ¹⁵N values showed a strong depletion of ¹⁵N natural abundance in areas currently heavily influenced by livestock management. This indicates an increased impact of NH_y compounds. However, the almost unchanged δ¹⁵N values in some low mountain range areas with only moderate intensification of agriculture point to a more or less constant ratio of NH_y/NO_x input over time. Significant correlations of both tissue N concentrations and ¹⁵N natural abundance between the two species justify the assumption that they use the same nitrogen source, probably atmospheric deposition.     

成都冬季“干”气溶胶等效复折射率变化特征研究

基于成都市2017年12月逐时的"干"气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数观测数据，结合该时段同时次GRIMM180环境颗粒物分析仪的监测资料，利用免疫进化算法一体化反演550nm波长处"干"气溶胶等效复折射率的实部和虚部，并对其冬季变化特征进行了研究，结果表明："干"气溶胶等效复折射率实部和虚部分别为（1.547±0.0552）和（0.0197±0.00604）."干"气溶胶等效复折射率实部和虚部的日变化形态基本一致，主要表现为"单谷型"特征，二者的谷值出现时段位于15：00~18：00.在日时间尺度上而言，"干"气溶胶等效复折射率实部与质量浓度统计上对其散射消光的演化存在协同作用，"干"气溶胶虚部与质量浓度对其吸收消光的演化也存在类似影响."干"气溶胶等效复折射率虚部是单位质量浓度"干"气溶胶吸收消光能力的重要表征.     

长江口潮间带湿地涨退潮期N2O的排放通量研究

随着河口区接收上游人为氮排放量的增加,为这一区域氧化亚氮（N2O）的排放增加了很大不确定性。选择长江河口潮间带湿地为研究对象,分别采用原位静态箱法和静态顶空法,从2011年1月至12月对长江口沉积物 大气界面以及涨潮水 大气界面的N2O排放通量进行了为期一年的现场观测和研究。研究结果表明,沉积物 大气界面N2O通量有着显著的时空差异。N2O排放通量在日变化以及季节变化上都表现出明显的源汇转变,就年平均排放通量,光滩带沉积物 大气界面达到了599 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h),而海三棱藨草盐沼带与大气间N2O交换则十分微弱,为060 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h)。对长江口涨退潮期光滩和草滩上覆水体 大气界面N2O排放通量的研究表明,长江口涨退潮期在夏季和秋季,无论是光滩还是草滩均表现为大气N2O的稳定排放源,其中夏季平均253 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h),秋季平均排放通量为207 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h)。作为河口区上游排放氮素的直接接收者,和沉积物 大气界面N2O排放相比,长江口涨潮水 大气界面N2O排放稳定而又显著,是长江口N2O排放的主要贡献者,应成为这一区域N2O排放的关注热点     

1961～2010年金沙江流域降水时空演变特征

基于金沙江流域1961~2010年逐日降水资料,对流域长时间尺度降水要素和多个典型降水日数进行分析,研究金沙江流域降水的时空演变特征。结果表明:1961~2010年,金沙江流域年降水量呈一定的增加趋势,但未通过显著性检验,汛期雨量变化趋势不明显,逐月降水除9月和12月外其他月份均呈微弱增加趋势。小雨等级和中雨等级的降水日数空间变化趋势相似,呈中上游地区微弱增加、下游地区微弱减少趋势,大雨及以上等级的降水日数则以微弱增加为主,仅在源区、德格一带呈不明显减少趋势。年无雨日数和年连续无雨日数呈比较明显的中上游地区减少、下游增加趋势,特别是年无雨日数在昭觉、昭通、会泽等区域增加趋势显著,年连续有雨日数则呈全流域减少,在下游小部分地区显著减少。研究还表明金沙江流域下游地区无雨日数及连续无雨日数特别在2000s偏多,而年连续有雨日数则在2000s明显偏少,表明近年来流域下游地区发生干旱事件的可能性增加。